John Brown- A Hero Or Villain? :: essays research papers

What makes a hero or a villain? A hero is defined as a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. By this definition, there existed countless heroes in America during the 1800s with relation to striverry. There were many emancipationists, oddly from the North, that exhibited courageous attitudes. It was these heroes that taught the southerners, who believed their lives could only prevail if slavery survived and expanded westward, what they knew was morally right (3, 92). joke Brown is one abolitionist who stands out amongst the rest and has been noted as one of the most important men in the process of abolishing slavery. It was Browns work that sparked the revolts and fighting that would buy the farm between the North and the South later on his time. Brown can be considered a hero on account of his actions in Kentucky and Virginia.After the Turner revolt, the question of slavery took over American reg ime (3,91). Congressman David Wilmot suggested that legislation prohibit slavery in new territories that were conquered from the victory in a war with Mexico (3,91). Wilmot acted in hopes of stopping slaverys expanding upon westward but his movement did not pass with the Senate and was therefore disregarded (3,91). The Souths population was late becoming overshadowed by the Norths, release little room to stop anti-slavery legislation (3,91). When California was admitted as a expel disk operating system in 1850, the US was left with no slave state to balance this addition and some southerners desired a separation of slave states from the union (3,92). Congressmen and senators started to fear their political opponents tremendously tension was slowly building up (3,92). The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state but also passed a law reservation it painless for slave-owners to recover their escaped slaves from free states (3,92). Congress then passed the Kansas-N ebraska Act which allowed inhabitants to decide whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state (3,92). In hopes of victory, the opposing sides invaded the territory which was after nick-named Bleeding Kansas by the easterners (3,92). This unsettled region would be the perfect setting to launch a entreat against slavery (3, 92). This scheme was exactly what John Brown had in mind (3,92).John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut in 1800 and grew up in Hudson, Ohio with a family of sixteen children (2, 1).John Brown- A Hero Or Villain? essays research papers What makes a hero or a villain? A hero is defined as a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. By this definition, there existed countless heroes in America during the 1800s with relation to slavery. There were many abolitionists, particularly from the North, that exhibited courageous attitudes. It was these heroes that taught the southe rners, who believed their lives could only prevail if slavery survived and expanded westward, what they knew was morally right (3, 92). John Brown is one abolitionist who stands out amongst the rest and has been noted as one of the most important men in the process of abolishing slavery. It was Browns work that sparked the revolts and fighting that would occur between the North and the South after his time. Brown can be considered a hero on account of his actions in Kentucky and Virginia.After the Turner revolt, the topic of slavery took over American politics (3,91). Congressman David Wilmot suggested that legislation prohibit slavery in new territories that were conquered from the victory in a war with Mexico (3,91). Wilmot acted in hopes of stopping slaverys expansion westward but his movement did not pass with the Senate and was therefore disregarded (3,91). The Souths population was slowly becoming overshadowed by the Norths, leaving little room to stop anti-slavery legislation (3,91). When California was admitted as a free state in 1850, the US was left with no slave state to balance this addition and some southerners desired a separation of slave states from the union (3,92). Congressmen and senators started to fear their political opponents tremendously tension was slowly building up (3,92). The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state but also passed a law making it painless for slave-owners to recover their escaped slaves from free states (3,92). Congress then passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act which allowed inhabitants to decide whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state (3,92). In hopes of victory, the opposing sides invaded the territory which was after nick-named Bleeding Kansas by the easterners (3,92). This unsettled region would be the perfect setting to launch a crusade against slavery (3, 92). This scheme was exactly what John Brown had in mind (3,92).John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut in 1800 and grew up in Hudson, Ohio with a family of sixteen children (2, 1).

Survey of American Literature Essay -- American Literature

As a survey of American literature there are many influential and celebrated authors. dickhead Kerouac has become a puff up known writer whose nontraditional style has led him to fame. In Jack Kerouacs writings, he employ a stream of mind, spoke chaotic and randomly, and used long run on sentences. In Big Sur, Kerouac uses run on sentences that reach around 9 lines long. In the conservative 1950s, his stream of consciousness approach to writing was unheard of. Kerouacs style was revolutionary for his time. Kerouac is, regarded as a liberator of prose and champion of idiomatic American expression (Baym 2542). Robert Frost was a rise known, Pulitzer Prize winning author. Frost was known for his realistic style and portrayal of rural life. He used life in advanced England to analyze the multifactorial social and philosophical themes present during the early twentieth century. Frost found beauty in nature and used it in his poetry. In the gist of Jack Kerouac, The Road Not Taken c ould be written as this I came across two roads that diverged in a yellow wood---I was sorry I could not travel both since I was only one traveler I stood there looking down one path as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth and then I took a look down the other path which seemed just as fair, world all grassy and wanted wear, but really both paths had been worn about the same.That morning both lay equally covered in leaves and I decided to keep the first for another day, and knowing how way lead on to way, I doubted if I should ever decide to come back.As I am I telling this tale, I tell it with a sigh somewhere a long long time ago while in the woods, two roads diverged in front of me, I decided to take the one less traveled and that re... ... for someone, and finding a means for success. These are consequential lessons to be learned, which can be applied to in life.Works CitedBaym, Nina, Ed. Modernism Norton Anthology of American LiteratureS horter 7thEdition. New York Norton, 2008. 1260-1262.Baym, Nina, Ed. Emily Dickinson Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7thEdition. New York Norton, 2008. 1197-1200.Baym, Nina, Ed. Jack Kerouac Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7thEdition. New York Norton, 2008. 2542-1543.Baym, Nina, Ed. Robert Frost Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7thEdition. New York Norton, 2008. 1951-1952.Cahan, Abraham. A Sweatshop Romance Baym 1661-1670Dickinson, Emily. 479 Because I Could Not abandon for Death Baym 1214- 1215. Frost, Robert. The Road Not Taken. Baym 1960.Kerouac, Jack. Big Sur. Baym 2544.

Essay --

The following essay addresses the effect and impact of environmental and good management within the sport and merriment industry, critically analysing such methods against current literature in the field. Utilising Carrolls (1991) model of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), it seeks to evaluate, by means of an ethical audit, the current ethical principles employed in the operation of a London-based recreation facility, and objectively assess the extent to which the organisation is committed to the concepts of CSR management.According to Robin and Reidenbach (1987), business ethics penury an organisation behave in agreement with a shared set of believed principles related to moral philosophy, while social responsibility relates to the social conventions that exist mingled with business and society. In other words, social responsibility includes all of the requirements and duties of business to the society it operates in, while business ethics, to just about extent, involves t he duties of business to the individual decision maker. epoch the two concepts of ethics and social responsibility are fairly dissimilar, they evidently share a common link.Based on Social Identity guess (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), Turban and Greening (1997) argued that a companys corporate social performance (CSP) was favourably associated with their reputation and attractiveness as an employer, suggesting that CSP may provide some competitive advantage in attracting staff.While ethical standards are defined as ideologies that when followed, encourage values such as trust, positive behaviour, justice, and compassion, there is no one consistent set of principles that all organisations adhere to, but rather, each has the ability to create the standards they de... ...h CSR activity, viewing this as a means for its managers to meet the apparent opposing concerns of social responsibility and bottom-line performance. However, to properly manage consumer relationships and its own reput ation, GLL should not only adopt CSR as in integral part of its mission, but mustiness also seek to communicate this widely to its members through use of effective social media. While it is plain GLL understands the expects placed on it and its divisional managers, by employees, suppliers, residential area groups, sporting governing bodies and local authorities, to increase their participation in CSR, it must be wary of this reality as it expands, as business norms and principles, regulatory structures, and stakeholder demand for CSR can and will vary considerably across differing regions of the UK, and along multiple lines of business (McWilliams, et al., 2006).

John Updikes A & P Essay -- John Updike A & P Social Class Wealth Ess

John Updikes A & PAt first read, John Updikes A & P contrasts old and in the buff the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, ultimately deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the news report is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle mark. ?A & P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seek to follow his life, standing on his own both feet and treating everyone as equals, or bowing before the wealthy, and searching for his own riches above all else.In passport three girls into a grocery stash away in bathing suits. They?re far enough away from the beach that it is customary for them to be wearing more clothes. Their actions are deliberate and exaggerated they came in the store to buy one item, notwithstanding that was not their purpose for being there. It?s easy to extract from the story that the girls stood out in many ways, specie being an important one. Updike presents Sam the cashier as thinking, ?Her father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the women were in sandals picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them.? Sam?s impression of the girls was obviously that they came from wealth, something that he could not claim of himself. And although he outwardly admired their bodies, he was really admiring their wealth. The girls walked in and by the lack of conformity of their dress, presently they set a different tone within the store. They walked the wrong way down isles and paid no att... ...o become what they are, so that he can walk around and have others treat him with respect above others.In ?A & P? John Updike gives a story of a man faced with two choices for his life in a seemingly un important circumstance. He can stand up for himself and for his rules, as his manager encourages him to do so. But as the story goes, he remains oblivious to the forces at work, and decides to bend his will to three girls in bathing suits, or more generally, to those who have the power and nobility of wealth behind them. Sam makes the wrong choice, and subsequently, makes the rest of his life more difficult, as he admits that he must life his life under another class of people, the wealthy, as though he is less than them. By admitting that he is less than them, Sam has started to live his life not for the happiness he can obtain, but for the wealth he can obtain.

Mary Magdalen of Dostoevskys Notes from Underground Essay -- Notes Fr

Not for this I was born and then raised up. uninformed was I with such need.I once prayed to God, I was faithful.I once had a soul that knew peace.-from Fallen, a Russian brothel song (Bernstein, 169)Prostitutes, women who sell their bodies for money, subscribe been frowned upon since antiquity by most members of society. However, from as early as Rahab, the Whore of Jericho in the Old Testament who helped Joshua and his men regain the Promised Land, prostitutes have been portrayed as not only as sinners with the possibility of redemption, but women who lead men to salvation as well. This trend was particularly taken up in nineteenth-century Russian literature Elevated into powerful literary symbols by authors like Dostoevsky, Tolstoy..., prostitutes became female archetypes who either disillusioned the men with whom they associated or raised them to a higher flavourless of being (11). Dostoevsky uses this idea of a saintly prostitute repeatedly in his works. The archetype that Ber nstein claims he creates in based on the image of bloody shame Magdalen from the late Testament, the celebrated reformed prostitute who devotes her life to Christ. Crime and Punishments Sonya Marmeladova, of whom Notes from Undergrounds Liza is a prototype, performs the federal agency of the penitent sinner who leads the way to salvation the saintly prostitute bloody shame Magdalen. Despite common belief, Mary Magdalen is never referred to as a reformed prostitute in the four Gospels of the New Testament, though her actual role is just as pertinent to Dostoevskys writing. In spite of the Gospels tendencies to conflict with each other, they agree on four aspects of the Magdalens life. First of all, she is one of Jesus Christs female followers who is present at ... ...r ones sins and the perpetual chance of salvation. Works Cited Bernstein, Laurie. Sonias Daughters Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia. Berkeley University of California Press, 1995. Conradi, Peter. M odern Novelists Fyodor Dostoevsky. New York St. Martins Press, 1988. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Notes from Underground. Trans. Andrew R. MacAndrew. New York Penguin Books, 1961. Haskins, Susan. Mary Magdalen Myth and Metaphor. London Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993. Malvern, Marjorie M. Venus in Sackcloth The Magdalens Origins and Metamorphoses. Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press, 1975. Wasiolek, Edward. Dostoevsky The Major Fiction. Cambridge, MA The M.I.T. Press, 1964.

Mary Magdalen of Dostoevskys Notes from Underground Essay -- Notes Fr

Not for this I was born and then raised up.Unacquainted was I with such need.I at one time prayed to God, I was faithful.I once had a soul that knew peace.-from Fallen, a Russian brothel song (Bernstein, 169)Prostitutes, women who sell their bodies for money, have been frowned upon since antiquity by most members of society. However, from as early as Rahab, the Whore of Jericho in the Old Testament who helped Joshua and his men regain the Promised Land, prostitutes have been portrayed as not only as sinners with the happening of redemption, but women who lead men to salvation as well. This trend was particularly taken up in nineteenth-century Russian literature Elevated into powerful literary symbols by authors like Dostoevsky, Tolstoy..., prostitutes became female archetypes who either disillusioned the men with whom they associated or raised them to a higher plane of being (11). Dostoevsky uses this idea of a sacred prostitute repeatedly in his works. The archetype that Bernstei n claims he creates in based on the image of Mary Magdalen from the New Testament, the celebrated reformed prostitute who devotes her career to Christ. Crime and Punishments Sonya Marmeladova, of whom Notes from Undergrounds Liza is a prototype, performs the role of the penitent sinner who leads the way to salvation the saintly prostitute Mary Magdalen. Despite common belief, Mary Magdalen is never referred to as a reformed prostitute in the four Gospels of the New Testament, though her actual role is just as pertinent to Dostoevskys writing. In spite of the Gospels tendencies to conflict with each other, they agree on four aspects of the Magdalens life. First of all, she is one of Jesus Christs female followers who is present at ... ...r ones sins and the perpetual fall out of salvation. Works Cited Bernstein, Laurie. Sonias Daughters Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia. Berkeley University of California Press, 1995. Conradi, Peter. Modern Novelists Fyodor Dostoe vsky. New York St. Martins Press, 1988. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Notes from Underground. Trans. Andrew R. MacAndrew. New York Penguin Books, 1961. Haskins, Susan. Mary Magdalen Myth and Metaphor. London Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993. Malvern, Marjorie M. genus Venus in Sackcloth The Magdalens Origins and Metamorphoses. Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press, 1975. Wasiolek, Edward. Dostoevsky The Major Fiction. Cambridge, MA The M.I.T. Press, 1964.

Project Management Tools Essay

There are a wide variety of project management and planning tools available to attend to manage tasks and racecourse deliverables. Two of the most popular tools are Microsoft Project from Microsoft and SmartDraw from SmartDraw. com. Each of these software packages allows the user to stool a project and graph it in various formats, such as calendars, Gantt charts, flow charts, etc. In order to evaluate each of these maskings, a test project was created to allow a compare of the features.MS Project is considered to be one of standards for project management and as a part of the Microsoft Office package, it provides a level of integration that is beneficial in Project Management (Microsoft Project 2003). The MS Project 2003 application offers an approach that is primarily oriented toward Gantt chart tracking, with other viewing options in a calendar format, network diagram, and task usage format (Microsoft Office, 2008). The product has a lot of features and options which allow a user to track tasks and resources, along with reporting capabilities to provide detail and help manage the project.This application was a little difficult to figure out without a training manual. Some basic knowledge of other Microsoft products helps when attempting to create a project for the first time. A sample of the demonstration test in MS Project is provided in Appendix A. SmartDraw touts itself as the worlds most popular business graphics software (SmartDraw. com Corporate Profile, 2008). Providing pre-designed templates in more than 100 formats, this application offers a wide variety of options for project managers to track their projects (SmartDraw v. 2009-08).Over and above Gantt charts and calendars, there are also a variety of formats for flowcharts, timelines, floor plans, and organization charts. When the application is initiated, it gives the user a chance to select from a list of possible formats before beginning the project setup. A sample of the demonstration tes t in SmartDraw is provided in Appendix B. Based on the tests performed for this project, the SmartDraw application is more user-friendly, especially for a new user who is interested in a variety of tracking options without intensive training.The MS Project application has a big advantage in the area of integration with other applications in the Microsoft suite of products, but it seems to require quite a bit of training to be proficient in the use of the features. Both products are popular in the world of project management, but this demonstration shows that SmartDraw is easier to navigate for a novice user and offers a wider variety of presentation formats. Although knowledge of MS Project is almost required in the world of project management, the recommendation from this test would have to go to SmartDraw for students interested in an effective, easy-to-use solution.

Information and transportation technology Essay

Information and transportation technologies are critical in supporting a leagile supply grasp picture because both resources are needed to integrate well the manufacturing of products and operations processes including delivery to the customer and customer feedback systems. In a leagile supply chain, lean material issue is upstream of agile material flow.For it to succeed as an agile process, it must be fully documented, understood and engineered. This is readily enabled by initially engineering a lean process and then adapting it by removing specific constraints and capacity limitations, thus enabling agility (Mason-Jones, et.al. , 2000).Integration and coordination are vital parts of this supply chain design and through enhanced collaboration and information exchange using information technology, success can be achieved. Transportation technology is one authoritative component of logistics which directly supports a leagile supply chain.Because of flexible movements of materials needed for production and products from suppliers to customers and vise-versa, a very efficient transportation technology is vital.

Life Cycle of a Frog

True Love? When Frogs oppose, the male frog tends to clasp the female underneath in an embrace c anyed amplexus. He literally climbs on her back, reaches his arms about her waist, either just in front of the hind legs, just behind the front legs, or even around the head. Amplexus can last some(prenominal) days Usually, it occurs in the water, though some species, like the bufos on the right mate on land or even in trees (photo courtesy of Emile Vandecasteele) piece in some cases, complicated courting behavior occurs before mating, many species of frogs are known for attempting to mate with anything that moves which isnt small enough to eatSpawn (egg-mass) go in the amplexus position, the male frog fertilizes the pelt as they get are laid. Frogs tend to order eggs single eggs in masses, whereas toads usually lay eggs in want chains. well-nigh frogs leave after this point, but others stick around to watch over the little ones. Some have precise unusual ways of caring for thei r young. Youll learn about some of those later in this tour. Egg Frogs and Toads tend to lay many many eggs because there are many hazards between fertalization and full giving frogness Those eggs that die tend to turn white or opaque.The lucky ones that actually love to hatch still start out on a journey of many perils. Life starts right as the central yolk splits in two. It whence divides into four, then eight, etc. until it looks a bit like a rasberry inside a jello cup. Soon, the embryo starts to look more and more like a tadpole, getting longer and moving about in its egg. Usually, about 6-21 days (average ) after being fertilized, the egg testament hatch. Most eggs are anchor in calm or static waters, to prevent getting too rumbled about in infancySome frogs, like the Coast foam-nest treefrog, actually mate in treebranches overlooking static bonds and streams. Their egg masses form large cocoon-like foamy masses. The foam sometimes cakes dry in the sun, protecting the in side moisture. When the fall comes along, after developement of 7 to 9 days, the foam drips down, dropping tiny tadpoles into the river or pond below. Tadpole Shortly after hatching, the tadpole still feeds on the be yolk, which is actually in its gut The tadpole at this point consists of poorly developed gills, a mouth, and a furrow. Its really fragile at this point.They usually entrust stick themselves to floating weeds or grasses in the water using little sticky organs between its mouth and belly area. Then, 7 to 10 days after the tadpole has hatched, it give begin to swim around and feed on algae. After about 4 weeks, the gills start getting grown over by skin, until they eventually disappear. The tadpoles get teeny tiny teeth which help them grate food turning it into soupy oxygenated particles. They have long coiled vertebral column that help them digest as much nutrients from their meadger diets as possible. By the fourth week, tadpoles can actually be fairly social cre atures.Some even move and school like fish Tadpole with legs After about 6 to 9 weeks, little tiny legs start to sprout. The head becomes more distinct and the body elongates. By now the diet whitethorn grow to include larger items like dead insects and even plants. The arms will begin to bulge where they will eventually pop out, elbow first. After about 9 weeks, the tadpole looks more like a teeny frog with a really long tail. It is now well on its way to being almost fullgrown Young Frog, or Froglet By 12 weeks, the tadpole has only a teeny tail stub and looks like a miniature version of the adult frog.Soon, it will leave the water, only to return again to laymore eggs and start the process all over again Frog By between 12 to 16 weeks, depending on water and food supply, the frog has completed the full growth cycle. Some frogs that live in higher altitudes or in colder places might take a whole winter to go through the tadpole stage others may have unique development stages tha t vary from your traditional tadpole-in-the-water type life cycle some of these are described later in this tour. Now these frogs will start the whole process again finding mates and creating new froggies.

Blaise Thomas “Tom” Golisano Essay

Blaise Thomas Tom Golisano is the founder of Paychex, the second-largest payroll processor in the United States. He also owns the Buffalo Sabres hockey team. He ran for governor of New York in 1994, 1998, and 2002. He lost all three elections but amazingly defeated incumbent New York Governor George Pataki in the hotly contested 2002 elections. The founder of Paychex built a high-performing organization on an unconventional premise at the time Hire people with the right attitude and then teach them the skills to do the job.But rapid growth in the 1990s showed Paychex that it needed a more systematic approach to reliably execute this philosophy throughout its geographically dispersed operations, especially at the important front line of client service. The resulting solutionone that includes more sophisticated hiring practices, more extensive training and development, and multiple reinforcement mechanismsstill serves the company well today.He stands for good government, political refo rm and fair play. In January 31, 2006 he announced his decision to no longer run for public office due to personal and professional reasons. He is involved in many business interests, and will continue to remain active in Paychex and other entrepreneurial ventures. He also said he will continue his philanthropic activity. He is still committed to the economic development of New York, as well as promoting responsible government.He has veritable many awards for his prowess in businessDavid T. Kearns Medal of Distinction recognizing significant achievements in business, public service and education, by the University of Rochesters William E. Simon Graduate School of duty AdministrationRochester military control Hall of Fame (2001)The 1987 Herbert W. VandenBrul Entrepreneurial Award, presented by Rochester Institute of Technologys College of BusinessMaster Entrepreneur award in Ernst & Youngs Entrepreneur of the Year awards competition for Western New YorkHumanitarian of the Year Aw ard, presented by the Boys Town of Italy, and the Commerce and Industry Award of the Rochester put up of Commerce.Outstanding Alumni Award from the American Association of Community CollegesHe has been actively involved in a great deal of charitable work. In 1984, he founded the B. Thomas Golisano Foundation. His foundation awards grants to organizations dedicated to providing opportunities for those with disabilities and offering support to their families. In 2002, The University of Rochester re-named their pediatric hospital Golisano Childrens Hospital where he donated $14 million in serve 6, 2006 as well as $6 million to Bishop Kearney High School and Our Lady of Mercy.ReferenceEdited by Investors Business Daily. Profiles in Business Success 51 Top Leaders and HowThey Achieved Greatness.. New York McGraw-Hill p. 50. Retrieved from the web http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Golisano http//www.golisano.comhttp//www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgin/abstract/109792492/ABSTRACT?CRETRY= 1&RETRY=0

Navajo Peacemaking

CAV Paper Navajo Peacemaking Throughout Indian Country tribes have their own courts to address sound matters. However, the Navajo terra firma has a court system that stands obscure from other tribes. Howard L. Brown Esq. wrote, The Navajo Nations Peace depositr Division An Integrated Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum which was make in the American Indian Law Review 1999-2000 issue and was reprinted in the May/July 2002 issue of Dispute Resolution daybook. As a former discriminatory law clerk for the Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation, Brown gained firsthand experience with the make-peace Division within the Navajo Nations Judicial Branch.He details the history, knowledge and ceremonies associated with this reply forum. Two other authors also covered the same topic, agreeing with Browns opinion although from different perspectives. This paper will compare Browns viewpoint to Jona F. Meyers article, It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in consonance Original (vs. substitute) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation published in the International Journal of Public Administration and Jeanmarie Pintos article Peacemaking as communion the Mediation mould of the Navajo Nation. published in The International Journal of Conflict Management. Browns article opens with statistical information about the Navajo Nations reservation size and population, its status as a self-governing nation, and system of government. The article provides a brief history and evolution of the Navajo Nations juridical system, clearly explaining the difference between Navajo common law and contrasts it with the more adversarial federal or state law. The Navajo Nation Tribal Council established the Navajo courts, which make up one of the three branches of tribal government.In 1982, after searching for more usanceal ways to solve disputes the Peacemaker Court began. It is know referred to as the Peacemaker Division within the judicial branch of government and recitations Navajo Common law. 1 In Peacemaking as Ceremony The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation, Pinto agrees with Browns explanation of the Navajo court and government system, however explains the difference between Original Dispute Resolution (ODR) and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The Navajo legal term for peacemaking s Original Dispute Resolution, because it is the traditional Navajo method for solving disputes while ADR is a term for unique intermediation methods within the federal, state, and local court systems. 2 Jona Meyer s description of the history of Navajo peacemaking also agrees with the other 2 authors version of the history of the Navajo Nations judicial system, but the article It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation includes a history King Henry Is use of compensation for crimes which is a component of the Navajo peacemaking process. 3 According to Brown, Navajo common law is also kn own as traditional law which reflects the customs, usages and traditions of the Navajo People, formed by Navajo values in action, reinforcing the Nations sovereignty, preserving Navajo tradition, and preventing the state from interfering in Navajo judicial matters. 4 The article relates why the use of Navajo common law is important as it employs traditional cultural values to resolve disputes which is something familiar to the disputants, making them more inclined to go through the legal process to settle disputes.Pinto agrees with Brown, but points out that there are some younger Navajos who are not supportive of returning to the old ways of adjudicate disputes and prefer to use the more mainstream Navajo Court System. 5 Meyers article mentions the use of Navajo common law in the Navajo as did Brown and Pinto, but states peacemaking never fully ceased to occur in the remote regions of the reservation. 6 Unlike Pinto, Meyer did not mention the lack of support for Navajo peacekeepi ng within the younger generation.Peacemaking or hozhooji naataanii comes from Navajo common law and tradition and includes a justice eucharist in which disputants and community members gather to talk things out with the assistance of a respected community leader or naataannii (peacemaker) to range of a function a consensual settlement. 7 Brown describes how a peacemaker is chosen, how tradition is followed by opening the session with a prayer to create a harmonious atmosphere, and the communications protocol that if followed during the mediation leading to the final consensual solution.While talking things out family and community members will explain to the offender how they have violated tradition and failed to fulfill the medical prognosis of their role as a family or community member and how it has impacted them. Browns description of the peacemaking process is alike(p) to Pintos which is illustrated via a circumvent comparing three models of dispute resolution. The table c learly shows the importance of Navajo tradition in peacemaking and how it is reflected in each step of the process via a healing ceremony and focusing on restoring harmony to the community. 8 Pinto also includes three pages detailing the seven steps and components of the peacemaking process. The outline format makes the process easy to clear and reinforces many points brought up by the other two authors. Meyer describes the peacemaking process in terms similar to Brown and Pintos, but compares the Navajo process to other tribal resolution methods. Using the Ojibwe example of cleansing the spirits of offenders and victims of a crime, Meyer points out that the Navajo peacemaking process works to eliminate the causes of discord rather than focus on the dispute itself. 9 after the period of discussion the peacemaker will often use a story to illustrate the wrongdoing and to find a consensual solution that is in accordance with traditional Navajo beliefs. Brown relates how the story of the Horned Toad and Lightning resolved a dispute over lower ownership. 10 Lightning felt that he owned any of the land and was upset when Horned Toad entered it and ordered him to leave. When Horned Toad refused to leave, Lightning threw a lightning bolt which landed very close to Horned Toad who left.The following day Horned Toad returned wearing armor and when Lightning hit him with a lightning bolt it was deflected by the armor. Horned Toad explained that the Creator was the same one that gave them the land and the armor and questioned why they were fighting over something that had been given to them. This story reminds disputants of the importance of talking things out and following traditional ways. While Pinto agrees with Browns accountancy of how stories are used as a part of the peacemaking process, the article does not mention any specific stories.However, Pinto states, through the telling of Sacred Navajo Narratives, and in relating light gained through personal exper ience, the peacemakers teaches basic Navajo principles and guides the participants from a negative frame of mind to one that is positive enough to promote problem solving. 11 Meyer also mentions the use of stories, but states that they are used to illustrate issues in the dispute. 12 All three authors agree that during the peacemaking solutions are achieved through discussion of the dispute and that the resolution reached is one that satisfies all in all parties.Meyers article is the only one that mentions the term restorative justice and it is in reference to the 1881 Brule Sioux Crow Dog case, in which the offender compensated the victims family. Crow Dog murdered Chief Spotted Tail and was ordered by the tribe to make reparations to the victims family, a sanction that was commonly imposed in Sioux homicides. 13 Pintos outline of the peacemaking process includes the nalyeeh, a process resulting in restitution, restoration, and making a person whole for an injury. 14 The person who caused the injury or is the responsible party for the dispute is required to make sure that restitution is given to the victim or victims family, which will help make the community whole again. Brown does not mention the term restorative justice, but does explain that the solution must be something agreed upon and satisfactory for all parties involved in the dispute. The agreement by consensus implies that community harmony is restored.The Navajo Nations Peacemaking Division has been in(predicate) and other tribes in the United States and Canada have similar successes. Meyers article uses an example taken from Hollow Water, Manitoba where tribal leaders allowed sexual abusers to plead guilty and complete a 13 step two year program that helped them address the issues they struggle with due to their having been victimized during their childhood. After completion of the program the former abuser foes through a cleansing ceremony to mark a new beginning for all involved.During the ceremony, the former abuser washed his victims feet, symbolically allowing her to re-enter womanhood, then throws a secrete he has worn throughout the ceremony into the fire, symbolically destroying his identity as an abuser. 15 The tribe has been incredibly successful with less than 5% of the abusers committing a sexual nuisance again, compared to much higher recidivism rates in mainstream courts. Pintos article agrees with Meyer that the Navajo peacekeeping system is successful and even goes as far to suggest it serving as a model or Western mediation to improve the mediation methods currently being used. 16 Browns article suggest that the Navajo Peacemaking system is successful and that success is reflected in the increased number of cases in the Peacekeeping Division. 17 Three authors wrote about Navajo peacekeeping from different perspectives, bringing up various points, but all agreed that it is successful. With the success of the Navajo Peacemaking Division of the Navajo Na tion court system, it is clear that this long-standing tradition will continue to bring back restore harmony to communities torn apart by disputes.Works Cited Brown, Howard L. Nations Peacemaker Division An Integrated, Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum, Dispute Resolution Journal 57 (May 2002) 42- 48. Meyer, Jona. It is a Gift From the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation International Journal of Public Administration 25 (2002) 1379 1401. Pinto, Jeanmarie. Peacemaking as Ceremony The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation, The International Journal of Conflict Management 11 (2000) 267-286. 1 Howard L. Brown, Nations Peacemaker Division An Integrated, Community-Based Dispute Resolution Forum, Dispute Resolution Journal 57 (May 2002), 44. 2 Jeanmarie Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony The Mediation Model of the Navajo Nation, The International Journal of Conflict Management 11 (2000), 269. 3 Meyer, Jona It is a Gift Fro m the Creator to Keep Us in Harmony Original (vs. Alternative) Dispute Resolution on the Navajo Nation International Journal of Public Administration 25 (2002) 1380. 4 Brown, Nations Peacemaker Division, 45. 5 Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 270. 6 Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1387. 7 Brown, Nations Peacemaker Division, 45. 8 Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 275. 9 Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1388. 10 Brown, Nations Peacemaker Division, 47. 11 Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 278. 12 Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1388. 13 Ibid, 1384. 14 Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 282. 15 Meyer, It is a Gift From the Creator, 1383. 16 Pinto, Peacemaking as Ceremony, 283. 17 Brown, Nations Peacemaker Division, 47.

Realism and Its Role in US War Against Iraq Essay

Presence of biological warfare, inhumane leadership, anti-democracy these were the reasons which were proclaimed in the recent explaining US war against Iraq. I believe that US spearheaded by then President Bush played Realists in their decision-making vis a vis the issue at hand. Tony Blair himself admitted fewer months after US won Iraq over their Head of State, Saddam Hussein, that there were no biological warfare proven to be under the custody of the last mentioneds government.Moreover, most nations believe that despite Husseins dictatorial means, he was nonetheless feared hence was able to maintain peaceful coexistence between ii Islamic yet conflicting groups- the Sunni and Shiite. As regards, the promontory of the absence of democratic government in Iraq, isnt the establishment and sustainability of any government dependent on its constituents/nationals?Who is the United States to take away the chance from Iraqs own people to deal with their own government and its leader should there be a question of legitimacy? Perhaps, guided by Realist perspective of International Relations, the following reasons are more truthful security, statism, and self-help. Military power according to Realism is a whole step of political power relations among states alongside economic power. States are rational and unitary actors whose decisions are always based on a calculation of extract and national security.There is the absence of universal principles while the only guide of states in an anarchic set-up is pragmatic assessment of other states actions in solving problems. How then are these helpful in the analysis of US intentions toward Iraq? US seeking to maintain its global dominance would have to sustain phalanx power. While Liberals and Idealists thought world peace could be attained and that no more wars shall ever exist, US apparently showed that war is still a resoluteness and a means to furthering state gains.Oil is Iraqs source of wealth and power. If that was the only missing link to US superiority, by all means, US would wash up hold of it. Oil promotes military and economic power. It also gives US security against threats from North Korea. Hence, for me, it was the desire of the Bush administration to retain hegemonic status- free from external threats of all(prenominal) form that made US enter into a catastrophic war.

Retail Travel Operations

Independents An independent agent is usu onlyy family owned, they need been in the business for a long time and have geezerhood of experience and built up a lot of knowledge. They usually only have 1/2 branches and have a loyal customer petty(a) in their local ara. Also they ar independently owned. They atomic number 18 usually found in the back streets rather than on the high street or in shopping centres. An grammatical case of an independent agent is fails worth locomote.The office mental faculty of an independent travel agent is to sell holidays they fork out advice on destinations and provide smooth customer service to their customers in hope of building up repeat customers. Independent agents head a range of a function of products and serve such as trim down made holidays and charter flights. A tailor made holiday is a package suited to the needs of a particular customer. The joy of a trim itinerary is that your holiday is designed around your requirements and you are not restricted to the set itinerary of a group departure.Dynamic packaging is when travellers use the internet to enquiry their holidays and propose their own travel arrangements direct with airlines, hotels, and car companies A charter flight is a private flight scheduled to meet the needs of specialised passengers or organisations. Some flights leave at regular intervals with tickets being purchased up to the day of departure by the general public, where as charter flights are set up by request.They can be used for a variety of purposes for eccentric flighing time and moving passengers, the price for this service is usually higher than using a traditional passenger or cargo airline The products and services are made available to agents due to who they are linked with. Independents build links with appointment providers so they can book rooms for their customers, they will have negotiates rates with accommodation providers especially if the agent does a lot of booking. An example of an accommodation provider is Ramada. MultiplesA multiple travel agent has more than 100 branches they are usually integrated horizontally or vertically. They have household names which are sound known for example Thomas cook and they also have a good re beatation. An example of a multiple travel agents is Thomas cook. Multiple agents offer a range of products and services such as traditional package holidays and ancillary sales. An ancillary sale is a service that tour operators and travel agents offer, for example rental cars, travel insurance, transport to accommodation and so forth. Package holidays are organised by a tour operator and sold to a constumer by a travel agent.Some travel agents are employees of tour operators, others are independent. A package holiday includes Charter Flight, Accommodation, Meals and Transfers between your destination airport and your holiday accommodation. These products and services are made available due to who they are linked wit h. Multiple agents is linked with ancillary providers because they can hire cars for them, they add on extras to their holiday, they do this to make more money. they dont just sell holidays in travel agents they also sell holidays on the TV, internet etc.With this they are open to a lot of different customers E-agents An e agent is a online travel agent, you can book online as well as through call centres or shops, they are also cheaper because there are not many staff, with e agents you can book online at any time. An example of an e agent is Expedia. A role of an e agent is to prevail a holiday that is right for the customer. They allow customers to sort out their travel packages. e-agent offers a range of products and services such as traditional package holidays and shedualed flights.Scheduled flights wing on strict timetable this is usually beneficial for business people. e agent is linked with accomodation becuase the online travel agents can book a hotel for the customer. H ome workers Home workers are people who can work from home instead of going out because some people might have children so they are unable to go out and work. Home workers can book holidays from home. The tour operator would come and install a computer, a credit card machine and a anticipate line in your home. The people might be working full time or part time.An example of a home working travel agent is future travel. A role of a home based travel agent is to sell flight tickets they also get to form a direct relationship with the person whose holiday they are booking. Call centres A call centre is a place which you can ring up and they put u through to a tour operator. Many of them are tour operators and flight agents, however some are operated by travel agents for example STA. The role of a call centre is to make or take telephone calls on behalf of an organisation in order to fulfil customer requirements. hey sell their products oer the phone, they have to reach their aim of th e amount of sales they make per day. Holiday hypermarkets A holiday hypermarket is a large retail travel agency, they have staff that specialise in particular holiday types. They are usually in large shopping centres where there are a lot of people travel by. They have lots of promotions, but are expected to hit high street sales targets. An example of a holiday hypermarket is First Choice. The role of a holiday hypermarket is to find the best price holidays for customers.They have a holiday comparison tool so can find a wide range of holidays to suit your particular interests and budget. They try to provide more entertainment for their customers than smaller agencies,they now have stores in supermarket for example travel choice. Muniples A maniple might have more than 5/6 branches one of them are in (North West). They dont have as many branches as multiples but more than independent. An example of a maniple travel agent is Premier Travel A muniples role is to offer a personal touc h by being able to give independent advice on holiday choices.They also give good customer service, this will lead to repeat business. Consortia Consortia is a group of travel agents who come unneurotic and form a larger group e. g. global travel group they have more buying power and get better discounts. An example of a consortia travel agent is Freedom Travel. A consortium is an organisation of independent travel agency members, they try to combine their selling power to grow their businesses and compass more profits. Accommodation-Generally, package holidays include either hotel or apartment/studio accommodation.Some hotels and apartments are specific to one particular tour operator, but many are available through more than one and prices can vary significantly between them. The role of a tour operator is to put together all the different components that make contracts with hoteliers, airlines and other trasport companies to put the package together. all the holiday details are incorporates into a brochure which is reor di either to travel to agents or instantly to customers. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Package_tour http//www. holidaybargains. org/unc_package. htm http//www. insights. org. uk/articleitem. aspx? title=Travel+Agents

The Experience of Swimming

The Experience of naiant What is Swimming? Swimming is a sport or activity of moving ones body through water. I will be writing ab break my get it ons of swimming, good and bad. Personally, I beloved swimming because I love being in the water. I started swimming when I was 6 days old. And at first I thought that swimming was a scary thing to do, but it was a fun experience. First, Im going to tell you ab bulge my bad experience active swimming. When I was about 4 years old and it was the time that I didnt know how to swim. So a kid who was being a jerk pushed me into a pool.When falling into the pool, the water pushed me down from all sides. Like splashing around for no reason though it looked like Im having trouble. In the water, pushing up, down, left and right as nothing made any sense to me. The more I struggled, the more I get unconnected as I pushed myself up with my arms and legs. As I couldnt find leverage, I was decelerate going under into the deep blue. My lungs burn ed for more air as my ears shocks and numbs. As how it snarl that I tried to keep the air in me, it burst out of my mouth as bubbles reaching up the surface of the pool.My face was looking up gasping for air. Not knowing what would happen next, everything around me just morose black. Complete utter darkness with no sound at all. But then again, there was a light coming towards to me. It wants me to come back. Through my unconscious state, I went there and woke up coughing out water from the concrete floor. As I opened my look, it was blurry and I could hear again. Hearing my parents beef and also the other kids parents shouting at him. For what he did wrong, he was also crying. As for the person who had saved me from the pool of darkness, was my cousin.She just got back home from school and not spyglassd that I was at the pool. So she just quickly ran to the pool, threw her backpack and took off her shoes to dive in and get me out quickly. Thanks to her, I was brought back alive but fear of swimming took place in my mind. affright and frightened I was. Next, Im going to tell you about my good experience about swimming. To overcome my fear from swimming, I had to go back into that pool where I was drowned. When entering the pool, it feels as if ice is circulating around the body. Then later on, I feel warm all of a sudden.It felt weird. In the pool, I am about two and a half feet above the water I stare at it, and it stares right back at me. When the wind started to blow, it feels cool and chill around my soused body. As I was still in the water, there was a scent of chlorine. From the height of the pool, the black tile that runs down the centre of every lane appears to me as a runway. In just a hardly a(prenominal) seconds I will be moving down that runway, trying to take off above the water. My eyes will be focused on that tile, to make sure I am in the center of my lane.I can see the water grinning and laughing at me now I am stand up on the block with my knees almost to the point of shaking. Right now, it is so calm and smooth, beckoning me to dive in. But in just a few seconds, I gave into diving underwater. It was awesome to the point that it felt a swing pushing through you. It was a good experience I had for swimming. Though I had horrible experience swimming when I was young, over the years Ive learned to conquer and overcome the fear of swimming, as I grew older. All in all, swimming was a fun experience in the end. And as what Ive compel now, I still love swimming.

Effects of Broken Marriage to Children

Effects of unconnected join to Children SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COURSE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY Marie Julianne I. Reyes CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Generally, most scurvy marriages argon the result of domestic violence in the inhabitancy, specially men abused their wives physically and emotionally, and if atomic number 18 children are involved in the marriage, it means they all have sex the situation and then, imagine the stupefying they had to go through before the marriage finally leads to break up. either these affects the children negatively and a lot makes them feel unhappy, especially as it as involves detention battle, its as if the parent are fighting over the children. As fall apart proceeds and it is time for realism. The way the children survive depends on how the parents handled the disjoin proceedings. The more stressful, the harder it lead be for the children. From time to time, scour when the disas sociate proceeding was less stressful, the children will suffer emotionally and otherwise and this in turn tends to affect their academic words.In a situation, where by the children love twain parents very much makes the divorce even more difficult for them. They have to make a ratiocination to descend unrivalled of the parents, either the mother or the father, though, they dont even know which of them to follow or side without causing sorrow to the other one. Children from blue Marriage, always have poor results payable to the fact that they do not have happy home and theres no airwave for reading. Since they are not always happy, they think a lot about their family. Statement of the ProblemThis term reputation seeks to discuss how and why does husband and wife got to the point of separation and how it affects their children. The following questions will answer it 1. What should couples do before deciding to end a marriage? 2. What are the factors that cook Broken Marriage ? 3. How does divorce affect their children? 4. What lies ahead on the future of children who experienced this kind of situation? Importance of the Study All children/teenagers who are in this situation will help them realized that it is not a hindrance for them to fox up easily.They will know and learn how to manipulate what they had been experiencing. It can also help ex-husband and wives on how to handle the situation to their children. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The main idea of this study, is the emotion or feelings of children specially teenagers on how they react and how they really affected having a Broken Family. Research Method Used This study bespeaks to deal with Case and Clinical Studies. In this process, it will help to adjust, to have a word and therapy needed by cases studied. Definition of Terms Used 1.Annulment states that no valid marriage was contracted because the legitimate requirement of marriage were not met. 2. Marriage is a relationship betwee n husband and wife. 3. Broken it can use to describe a marriage that has ended in divorce, or a home in which the parents of the family are divorced, when you think this is a sad or bad thing. 4. Divorce legal adjournment of marriage disunion to put apart. 5. Desertion when one partner walks out on the other without notice. 6. Separation when one spouse moves out with notice legal disunion of married persons.The Body Of The Term Paper Effects of Broken of Broken Marriage to Children Until death do us part is a promise that has been repeated often in the traditional wedding vows. Nevertheless, many couples enter marriage equipped only with hopes and dreams. The knowledge they need to make this her promise come true is often overlooked. They may be convinced that their marriage will endure a lifetime. Marriages are much like any of the other friendships quite a little have. They are change and weakened in many of the same ways. Like friendships, marriages only work with effort.The mixture when two people get together can create any number of challenges, to the point that they want to separate. The factors that causes the couples got separated are because of their differences such as race, religion, nationality and education. Despite all efforts, some marriages do end. Divorce is the most common method. other(a) marriages are also ended through desertion and annulment. But before deciding to end a marriage, couples should think first what would be the effect of their decision to the people around them most specially to their children.The children are the most affected of the divorce because this can lead them negatively and often makes them feel unhappy. The pain that children go through when it comes to a broken marriage is devastating and the pain is caused only by the parents. A broken home can make a child insecure. Insecure in a sense that he had no longer had a complete family he can call his own and living without either his father or mother will creat e fear and insecurities in him. This feeling of insecurities will even trigger if he is around his friends who are living a normal, happy and complete life.The insecurities, self-doubt and leave out of confidence in a child can eventually make him uninterested in school. sometimes a childs reaction on his parents announcement of a divorce is not visible. He keeps to himself the pain, shock and anger he feels. This in turn makes him vulnerable to anger, depression, revenge, alcohol, crimes, drugs and so on. He makes these as his outlets. Too much depression, alcohol addiction and drug dependency, if left untreated, can make him mentally ill or can turn him into criminal. He may even attempt to kill himself if he can no longer handle all the misfortunes which he thinks is killing him softly.Growing up in a broken home may also cause children to have difficulty in future relationships and cause them to struggle with the issue of trust. The parents should help their children to adjust to what has happened. They must be guiding their kids by being collateral and positive about the childs relationship with the other parent. Children need calm the information should be given at a level they can understand. And the most important thing is tell distributively child individually that he or she is not the cause of the divorce and always be love by both parents.

Movements fighting for gay marriages Essay

The homo marriage debate has been persistent each over the world. It is a dissentious political issue that brings out a lot of conflict. In USA for instance, movements fighting for light marriages and their rights started as early as 1970s. In the 1990s it was a great political issue. The US federal giving medication has non legitimized dauntless marriages although some introduces like mommy reserve civil unions. Gay couples in US do non share same rights as straight couples since their marriages are not considered legitimate. Without marriage equitys to value their rights and benefits such couples face turmoils in their relationships.For instance automatic inheritance with death of a companion and making important decision for instance signing for emergency medical operations is not allowed. USA should follow Denmark, Netherlands and Canada and legalize queer marriages as a step forward to reducing detest crimes in society and thus promoting social order. A agnize, since most hoi polloi who oppose it desires it do so on the basis of religious values the secular values and desires of the people are not considered. It should draw the tie between the state and the church so that it accommodates all people in the society.Legalizing gay marriages lead check over the decline of HIV-AIDS transmission, as gay couples willing increase their sense of responsibility for each other. Gay couples should not be denied significant rights like access to partners insurance or medical decision making, workers and compensation benefits. Benefits downstairs annuity and retirement plans all which are important (http//marriageequity. com/facts/index. htm) By not legalizing gay marriage the law discriminates on the basis of sex since ones ability to marriage depends on ones sex.Cuba has recently started to involve and respect gay couples by redefining marriage to accommodate all people in society, as socialism should be all inclusive. (http//asp. usatoday. com /community/utils/idmap/13917955. falsehood) Discrimination against gay couples will be abolished and their unions or marriages will be legalized It is ironic that US the worlds leading countries in democracy restricts gay marriages while it should be advocating and fighting for equality of all marriages. Gay marriages should be legalized and couples should be entitled to social security benefits and tax shelter under federal pension laws.This would void instances where on death of a partner one cannot access the partners benefits. In case the family had children such benefits would be of great grandness in maintaining the childrens welfare. Without legal protection gay couples face economic hardships that would have been eradicated had their marriage been legalized. southbound Africa and Belgium have also embraced it and marriages between same sex couples receive blessings. Today, most children are born out of wedlock to single parents marriages end divorce and the family as a unit that provides the appropriate atmosphere for children to surface is loosing the grip.Children are still being brought up successfully outside the conceived perfect environment of the family. Gay marriages should be legalized so as allow partners make important decisions like medical based decisions. It will allow one make important decision that would save the partners life. Arguments in support of gay marriages The governments purpose is to encounter that peoples rights are respected and that equality is maintained. It is therefore fair that gay marriages be legalized. If gay marriages are recognized gay couples would take the advantage of automatic inheritance in case of death of one partner.Without such gay couples inherit nothing of what they have worked hard for with their partner. twain straight and gay couples should have equal rights. (http//angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html) It is argued that gay relationships are not biologically inbred as they cannot produce children of their own naturally. Culturally marriage is the institution that forms and upholds societal and social values and norms. Marriages ensure the continuity of society through procreation. It is therefore argued that society would suffer if gay marriages were to be legalized, as the continuam would be interrupted.Gay marriages should be legalized and efforts by the church t use religious values and imposing them on all people in society are uncalled for. thither should be a clear eminence between the church and the state so that the state operates independently to accommodate all its citizens including the secular minded. (Snyder, 2006) Legalizing gay marriages will help create order and stability in society. When legalized the main society will remove their rigid apprehension that gay marriage is illegal and they will fit well with them. This will reduce gay-based hate crimes.The whole society will have social unity and discrimination against gay people will reduce. Unio ns to guide gay couple on how to raise their children can only be in effect(p) if gay marriages were legalized. This would counter the railway line that gay couples are not good in bring up children. The unions can help create good parenthood through training. Arguments against gay marriages It is argued that legalizing gay marriages will be a step towards welcoming anti-social behaviour. Just as gay couple seek for attention and protection of their rights so would other absurd groups.Moral decadency is likely to occur in society. It would pave appearance for polygamy, incest and beastiality legalization all of which are not good for society. Traditionally marriage is between a earth and a womanhood and not same sex parties. Gay marriages are therefore against the traditional perception of marriage and should be discouraged. Naturally marriage should be between two people of different sexes. leader between two people of same sex is considered unnatural gay marriages should the refore come to a halt. Marriage should be an institution between a man and a woman.And those gay marriages are immoral. perfection created a woman for the man and not a man for a man or woman for another. Gay couples choose to be gay and should not seek attention for the choices they have made in life. (Hohengarten, 1994) Parents pose as role models to their children. Gay parents are likely to bring up gay children and this will not be good for society. Supporters of this viewpoint argue that children need heterosexual parents to develop. This would be lacking in the gay families and consequently poor child development.The above reasons face much criticism. For instance linking procreation powerfully with marriage undermines the other purposes of marriage. Procreation is not the only reason why people marry. Those who support gay marriages consider this point of view incompetent on the basis that there are sterile or barren couples or women at their post menopausal age who marry. T he question posed is whether such marriages ought to be considered null since they wont bear children. Again marriage could be for sexual satisfaction society and moral expression. (Strasser, 2002)Another problem with the argument that gay marriage is immoral is that who defines marriage and what is moral or immoral calls for another debate altogether. People have different perception about what is moral or immoral. Using religious values to support eradication of gay marriages by quoting the bible is inappropriate oddly to a country that accommodates diverse religions. This is an insufficient plan of attack as freedom of religion will be compromised. Why install your religious aspects to life on people who are for a secular approach to life? (http//atheism. about. com/6/9/007160.html) The argument that children need heterosexual parents to grow and develop is quite shallow. There are cases where their development is jeopardized despite them having heterosexual parents. Children n eed good nurturing, tender care and love from their parents to develop. Again gay parents are more likely to bring up straight children to gratis(p) them the pain of discrimination they have through. (Ross, 2002) Some gay people are not gay by choice but by birth. Argument that gay couples are naturally attracted to same sex partners outdoes the argument that gay marriages are unnatural.Nature should take its course and they should be allowed to marry those they are attracted to regardless of their sex. (Pierson et al, 2005) Arguments raised against legalizing gay marriages on the basis of their instability are uncalled for since the straight marriages have proved to be 7% more instable compared to gay marriages. In the USA only two states legalize gay marriages that are Massachusetts and Lowa though they call them civil unions. The federal government under the defense of Marriage Act of 1996 leaves the states to root on which approach to handle its issues.Gay couples want their marriages to be legalized. This will eradicate the discrimination they face, as society is not comfortable with them and view them as outcast with legalization gay couples can gain recognition. (Mello, 2004) The church is used by politicians for their own interests. Politicians are careful in discussing critical issues like whether to legalize or not legalize gay marriages. They are cautious not to offend the people who will determine their stay in government through voting. Conclusion. Gay couples have their rights to be happy.Happiness in marriage would be with the person one is attracted to and willing to be intimate with. Denying gay couples that happiness and exhausting to impose the person they should marry in terms of gender would be depriving them their rights. The government should ensure that the rights of all citizens are preserved. If gay marriages were legalized the HIV-AIDS prevalence would decline. This is because gay couples would increase their commitment towards t heir marriages. Forcing people to marry those they are not attracted to is a major reason for increased divorce rates.ReferencesAustin Cline. 2007. Gay Marriage and church/state separation. Retrieved on sixteenth October 2007 from http//atheism. about. com/6/9/007160. html Leah Moore. 2001. Points in defense of gay marriages. Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http//angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html USA Today. 2007. When it comes to gay rights, Is Cuba ahead of USA? Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http//asp. usatoday. com/community/utils/idmap/13917955. story Mello, Michael. 2004. Legalizing gay marriages. University Press. Pierceson, Jason, Courts 2005. Liberalism and Rights Gay Law and Politics in the

Psychodynamic Perspective Essay

There argon various different approaches in contemporaneous approaches. An approach is a post that involves assumptions ab place gentle behaviour, the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what explore methods are appropriate for undertaking this study. There whitethorn be several different theories within an approach, scarcely they all share these common assumptions.You may be wonder why there are so many different psychology perspectives and whether angiotensin-converting enzyme approach is correct and others wrong. Most psychologists would agree that no one perspective is correct, although in the past, in the early days of psychology, the behaviourist would have said their perspective was the only when truly scientific one. Each perspective has its strengths and weakness and brings something different to our understanding of human behaviour.For this reason, it is of the essence(p) that psychology does have different perspectives to the understan ding and study of human and animal behaviour. There are few foregather the light explanations of common misbehaviour among secondary school students aged 16-19 years of age in terms of moral theories. These explanations from the earlier psychologists able to make us understand more about gang violence that is change magnitude in amount nowadays.3.0 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE3.1 DEFINITIONPsychodynamic referred to as an approach to psychology that emphasises systematic study of the mental forces that underlie human behaviour, getings and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic traffic between aware motivation and unconscious motivation.It is also used by some to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical approach authentic by Sigmund Freud (18561939) and his followers, although such(prenominal) use becomes confusing, because some of those followers, in particular, John Bowlby strange the founding principles of Freud s possibility, forming opposing factions. Bowlbys attachment surmisal, still described as psychodynamic in approach, is astray considered to be the basis of most current research and to have put the field formerly cognise as psychoanalysis on a more scientifically based,experimentally testable, footing.The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are ofttimes confused. Remember that Freuds theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term psychodynamic refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freuds psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. Sigmund Freud geted a collection of theories which have form the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived for example based on what his patients told him during therapy.The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or fretfulness cerebrate disorders.Psychodynamic psychology ignores the trappings of science and instead focuses on trying to get ins ide the honcho of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world.The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the psyche, particularly unconscious and between the different structures of the reputation. Freuds psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas, e.g. Jung (1964), Adler (1927) and Erikson (1950).3.2 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE ASSUMPTIONSBehaviour and feelings are powerfully alludeed by unconscious motives. Behaviour and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our chelaishness experiences. All behaviour has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue. w consequently all behaviour is determined. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual suppuration). The unconscious is one of the most powerful set up on behaviour and emotion No behaviour is without cause and is therefore determined.Childhood experiences greatly affect emotions and behaviour as adults. Theid, ego and super-ego make up personalityThe drives behind behaviour area) The scratch instinct and sex driveb) Death instinct and aggressive drive.Various conflicts throughout childhood instruction shape overall personality. The psychodynamic perspective asserts that in childhood authoritative incidents may occur that produce behaviours in adulthood. As children, defence mechanisms are utilized, then as adults behaviours manifest as a result. Examples of defence mechanisms that may be used include RepressionDenialReaction formationSublimationProjectionDisplacementRegressionphantasySome examples of b ehaviours and their explanations using psychodynamic perspective includeObsessive hand washing could be linked to a scathe in childhood that now causes this behaviour Nail-biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing childhood event A childhood event that caused fear in an open piazza may trigger agoraphobia in an adult Hoarding behaviours could be a result of childhood injuryNumber aversion female genitalia be an obsessive behaviour by chance initiated by an incident in childhood development Rituals of nervousness such as completing a task a certain number of times (such as opening and closing a cabinet) could be linked to a childhood situation Skin picking is a compulsion that would be linked to a developmental trauma Another compulsive behaviour is hair pluckingCompulsively counting footsteps could be linked to an incident in childhood.Any irrational behaviours can be teard on childhood instances of trauma or development Neurotic behaviours can be linked to childhood develop ment issues or interruptions Sexual compulsions or related sexual behavioural issues are linked at the sexual development stage using the psychodynamic perspective.3.3 fib OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVEAnna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer, who is Freuds mentor and friend, from 1800 to 1882 take ined from hysteria. In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book, Studies on Hysteria. In it they explained their theory that says every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the persons understanding of the world.The publication establishes Freud as the father of psychoanalysis. By 1896, Freud had found the key to his own system, name it psychoanalysis. In it he had replaced hypnosis with free association. In 1900, Freud published his first major earn, The Interpretation of Dreams, which open the grandeur of psychoanalytical movement. In 1902, Freud founded the Psychological Wednesday Society, later transformed into the Vienna psychoanalytic Society.As the organization grew, Freud established an inner circle of devoted followers, the so-called Committee. Freud and his colleagues came to Massachusetts in 1909 to lecture on their in the raw methods of understanding mental illness.Those in attendance included some of the countrys most important intellectual figures, such as William James, Franz Boas, and Adolf Meyer. In the years following the visit to the United States, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded. Freud designated Carl Jung as his successor to lead the Association, and chapters were created in major cities in Europe and elsewhere.Regular meetings or congresses were held to discuss the theory, therapy, and cultural applications of the new discipline. Jungs study on schizophrenia, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, led him into quislingism with Sigmund Freud. Jungs close collaboration with Freud lasted until 1913. Jung had become increasingly critical of Freuds exclus ively sexual interpretation of libido and incest. The publication of Jungs Wandlungen und Symbole derLibido, know in English as The Psychology of the Unconscious, ted to a final break. pursuit his emergence from this result of crisis, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical Psychology. Jungs concepts of the joint unconscious led him to explore religion in the East and West, myths, alchemy and later flying saucers. Anna Freud, Freuds daughter, became a major force in British psychology, specializing in the application of psychoanalysis to children. Among her best known work is The Ego and the Mechanism of Defence (1936).3.4 PSYCHODYNAMIC STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONSSTRENGTHSLIMITATIONSMade the case study method customary in psychologyDefence mechanismsFree associationProjective Tests (TAT, Rorschach)Highlighted the importance of childhoodCase studies are inwrought and cannot generalize resultsUnscientific (lacks empirical support)Too deterministic (little free-will)Biased sampleIgnores meditational processes (e.g. thinking, memory)Rejects free will effortful to prove wrong3.5 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE CRITICISMSThe greatest criticism of the psychodynamic approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour. Many of the conceptscentral to Freuds theories are subjective and as much im practical to scientifically test. For example, how is it possible to scientifically study concepts exchangeable the unconscious mind or the tripartite personality? In this respect, the psychodynamic perspective is difficult to prove wrong as the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Furthermore, most of the try out for psychodynamic theories is taken from Freuds case studies, e.g.Little Hans, Anna O. The main problem here is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail and with reference to Freud the individuals in question are most often middle aged women from Vienna for instance his patients. This makes generalizations to the wider population difficult. The humanistic approach makes the criticism that the psychodynamic perspective is in any case deterministic that it is leaving little room for the idea of personal agency.3.6 PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF GANG VIOLENCEThe psychodynamic theory places its emphasis on the notion that one of the main causes of gang violence is childrens abnormal personalities that were created and developed in earlier animateness. Since then these unconscious mental processes have been operate onling the adolescents criminal behaviour. The Id is the drive for fast gratification and can explain gang violence acts.The ego is the realization of real life and helps control the Id. Superego develops through interactions with parents and other responsible adults and develops the conscience of moral rules. This psychodynamic approach enounces that traumatic experiences during early childhood can prevent the ego and superego from developing properly, there fore leaving the Id with greater power (Champion, 2004). According to psychodynamic theory, whose basis is the pioneering work of the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, law violations are a product of an abnormal personality structure formed early in life and which thereafter controls human behaviour choices.Unconscious motivations for behaviour come from the Ids action in response to twain primal needs-sex and aggression. Human behaviour is often marked by symbolic actions that reflect hidden feelings about these needs. For example, stealing a car may reflect a persons unconscious need for shelter and mobility to escape from hostile enemies or perhaps an caprice to enter a closed, dark, womblike structure that reflects the earliest memories (sex).All three segments of the personality operate simultaneously. The Id dictates needs and desires, the superego counteracts the Id by fostering the feelings of morality and righteousness and the ego evaluates the reality of a position betwe en these two uttermost(prenominal)s. If these two components are properly balanced, the individual can lead a normal life. If one aspect of the personality becomes dominant at the expense of the others, the individual exhibits abnormal personality traits.A number of psychologists and psychiatrists expanded upon Freuds original model to explain the onset of gang violence among adolescents. Erik Erikson speculated that many adolescents experience a life crisis in which they feel emotional, impulsive and uncertain of their role and purpose. He coined the phrase identity crisis to denote this period of inner turmoil and confusion.Eriksons approach might characterize the behaviour of youthful drug abusers as an expansion of confusion over their place in society, their inability to direct behaviour towards useful outlets and perhaps their dependency on others to offer them solutions to their problems. Psychoanalyst, August Aichorn, found in his classic work that social emphasise alone could not produce such an emotional state. He identify latent delinquencies which means youths whose roiled family leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others.In its most extreme form, gang violence may be viewed as a form of psychosis that prevents delinquent youths from appreciating the feelings of their victims or authoritative their own impulsive needs for gratification. Psychodynamic theory holds that youth involvement in gang violence is a result of unresolved mental anguish and internal conflict. Some children, especially those who have been abused or mistreated, might experience unconscious feelings associated with resentment, fear and hatred.If this conflict cannot be settled, the children may regress to a state in which they become Id dominate. This regression may be considered responsible for a great number of mental diseases, from neuroses to psychoses, and in many cases it may be related to criminal b ehaviour. Adolescents in gangs are Id-dominated people who suffer from the inability to control impulsive drives. Just because they suffered unhappy experiences in childhood or had families who could not generate proper love and care, causing them to suffer from weak or damaged egos that make them unable to head with conventional society.Adolescent antisocial behaviour is a consequence of feeling unable to cope with feelings of oppression. interest in gang violence actually allows youths to strive by producing positive psychic results, helping them to feel free and independent, giving them possibility of excitement and the chance to use their skills and imagination providing the promise of positive gain, allowing them to blame others for their predicament (for example, the police) and giving them a chance to rationalize their own sense of failure.The psychodynamic approach places a weighed down(p) emphasis on the familys role. Gangs frequently come from families in which parents u nable to provide the controls that allow children to develop the personal tools they need to cope with the world. If neglectful parents fail to develop a childs superego adequately, the childs Id may become the predominant personality force, the absence of a strong superego results in an inability to distinguish clearly between right and wrong. In fact, some psychodynamic view gangs as motivated by an unconscious urge to be punished.These children feel unloved, assume the reason must be their own inadequacy, hence they deserve punishment. Later, the youth may demand immediate gratification, lack of compassion and sensitivity for the needs of others, divide feelings, act aggressively and impulsively and demonstrate other psychotic symptoms. According to the psychodynamic approach, gang violence is a function of unconscious mental instability and turmoil.People who have lost control and are dominated by their Id are known as psychotics, thus causing their behaviour be marked by hallu cinations and inappropriate responses. Megargees overcontrolled furious offenderMegargee (1966) documented a series of cases of gang violence carried out by people who were regarded as passive and harmless. For instance, an 11 year-old boy who stabbed his brother 34 times with a steak knife was described as polite and softly spoken with no history of aggression. Megargee argued that such cases epitomise a distinct sub-group of tough offender criminological psychology. Psychodynamic theories of offending Aidan Sammons whose shared characteristic is an apparent inability to express their crossness in normal ways and who eventually explode and releaseall their anger and aggression at once, often in response to a seemingly trivial provocation.Freudian formulations like Megargees are unfashionable nowadays and more research attention is given to the majority of violent offenders, whose problem is generally a lack of inhibition of their anger, rather than too much inhibition. Nonethel ess, there is evidence that a subset of violent offenders follow the pattern described by Megargee. For example, Blackburn (1971) found that people convicted of extremely violent assaults tended to have fewer previous convictions and scored lower on measures of hostility than those convicted of moderately violent assaults. However, the existence of such a group does not in itself show that Megargee was correct about the underlying mechanisms responsible.

Purpose Statement Memo

It is impossible to think about doing a successful demarcation abroad without paying full attention on learning and understanding each the specifics of local business and social culture, including the variety of local customs and traditions related to business activity. The purpose of this report card is to collect, systematize and summarize available materials about social and business customs of Japan, traditional perception of business and commerce in this country, specifics and tendencies of social interaction, the rules of business etiquette, nuances of formal and informal behavior, and so on, in order to friend achieving an effective cross cultural competence when doing business with Nipponese partners.Contents1. Introduction Basic Facts on stemma Environment in Japan2. Business Culture of Japan2.1. Traditional Views on Business in Japanese Society2.2. Main Values of Business Culture in Japan2.3. organisational Culture in Japan2.4. Strategies of Communication and Building Business Relationships2.5. Business Etiquette3. Social Customs and Traditions of Japanese Society3.1. Specifics of Social Interaction in Japan3.2. Impact of Religion and Ancient Cultural Traditions on Modern Social Life3.3. Cultural Nuances of Informal Social Interaction4. Conclusion Recommendations on maturation Effective Cross Cultural Competence When Doing Business in Japan.ReferencesDoing Business in Japan. (2007 April). Japan remote Trade Organization. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from Doing Business in Japan. (n.d.) Kwintessential. CommunicAid Group Ltd. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from . Japanese Business Culture. (2006). Venture Japan. Retrieved January 18, 2008, from

Victim's Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Victims Movement - Essay ExampleLaws like Victims of Crime movement (VOCA) established the representation for Victims of Crime (OVC), the Victims Bill of Rights in 1990, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which includes the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and the subsequent Constitutional Amendment in 1996, were passed by government and promoted. Universities also expanded and established victim-related courses with the U.S. Department of evaluator sponsoring the first National Victim Assistance Academy in 1995 (Wallace and Roberson, 2010).Undeniably, the movement succeeded, but an increase in crime rate and severity of crimes today indigence more educated and trained professionals for support and intervention. ace goal the movement should strive for in the next ten years is to develop a plan to maximize government and the universities support with regard to intervention. Next, establish permanent discipline exchange with universities, regarding the changin g postulate of victims, modus operandi of criminals based on victims stories, and other information which may help universities update and improve victim function curriculum, aimed at skills and competency improvement of students when they graduate and practice. Lastly, an organization composed of representatives from the US Attorneys office, FBI, armed services and other federal agencies, university and leaders of the different organizations involved in victims assistance and intervention, doctors, psychologists and psychiatrists and other such professionals need to be established. The organization shall serve as a coordinating body dealing with data and information on changing needs of victims and modus operandi of criminals. From the data, the organization can come up with a standardized manual of arms dealing on victim assistance and intervention. All the goals mentioned above will surely make a big difference in

Evita Peron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Leadership Is the Capacity to Translate Vision into Reality Essay

Leadership Is the Capacity to transmute Vision into Reality - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear thatmany researchers had contributed in explaining the concept of leadershiphiphip, certainly, applying differing perspectives, which tillers it tough to be defined in a comprehensive and all-inclusive manner using specific wordings. but based on the accumulation of the statement and researches conducted by theorists, leaders fundamentally imply to the capacity of persons to make a vision turn into reality in the accomplishment of a determined goal, which ideally requires a collaborative effort of many. This requires the leader to be a motivator, organiser and an implementer as well as a monitor of the entire process to ensure the overall success in accomplishing the set target. It has been due to this causation that the contemporary organisation has been heavily found inclining towards the demand of leaders.This paper highlights thatthe concept of leadership signifies the d esigner to release and engage individuals for or from any responsibility. Correspondingly, the quote indicates that leadership always performs within a framework of purpose, mission, and vision and sh ared values, being direct by a putting green cause. In addition, the characteristic of legal leaders can be set as seeking others interest and challenging their limits to conquer the visualise goal.It is always not necessary for the leaders to create the vision, but the presence of vision essential be there in the organisation and it must be shared among others who bind themselves in a leafy vegetable cause.... Correspondingly, the quote indicates that leadership always performs within a framework of purpose, mission, and vision and shared values, being directed by a common cause. In addition, the characteristic of effective leaders can be identified as seeking others interest and challenging their limits to conquer the envisioned goal. It is always not necessary for the leaders to create the vision, but the presence of vision must be there in the organisation and it must be shared among others who bind themselves in a common cause (Moore & Diamond, Academic Leadership 2). Conceptually, leaders are referred to individuals who are assigned with the responsibility of seeking that operations are coordinated and managed efficiently. Leaders are also responsible for motivating employees/subordinates to perform their activities in accordance with the mission and vision of the organisation, towards the achievement of the common goal (Avolio, Sosik, Dong and Yair, Leadership Models, Methods, and Applications). In this context, it can be inferred that leaders need higher levels of skills to swan the hierarchy of huge bureaucratic organizations as commonly witnessed in the modern day context. Hence, it can be argued that effective leaders are distinguishable on the basis of their hard work, intelligence, ambitions and political skills to deal with the emergent cha llenges and manage the resources well (Hogan & Kaiser, What We Know about Leadership). MEANING OF THE QUOTE Apparently, the quote given by Warren G. Bennis, Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality, signifies the importance of leaders in the planning and completion of strategic tasks in the

The Influences of Culture On Learning and Assessment Among Native Article

The Influences of Culture On Learning and Assessment Among congenital American Students - Article spokespersonThe author cites information from the national information sources regarding the motion of the Native American students, and he discusses the principles of sagacity and the cultural aspects of assessment. He further uses personal experience to assist others in the reflection of cultural aspects of assessment. Assessment information, data ga in that respectd nationally on Native America and educational research is seriously limited. There is a lot to be learned about the Native Americans and other minority students assessment and external influences such as environment, context, perspectives culture, and attitudes. Priorities differ in different societies and they influence what the children learn and take as important there is plenty of opinions and limited research that support this argument. The author concludes by giving several considerations that have to be taken into account in the assessment of a Native American student. An example of such a consideration is the language of instruction and the language of home. The article is important because it provides information about the culturally-based curriculum for the Native American students. Three points of relevance (a) it provides limelight into the present assessment of native students, (b) it attempts to show that the current assessment may be biased because it fails to take into account the influence of culture on the understanding of the world, renewing of intelligence we possess, the learning context and the individuals experiences and, (c) few studies have shown that culturally-based curriculum actually increases the achievement of native students.