Multiple Churn Prediction Techniques And Algorithms Computer Science Essay

Multiple Churn Prediction Techniques And Algorithms Computer Science Essay Abstract-Customer churn is the business term that is used to describe loss of clients or customers. Banks, Telecom companies, ISPs, Insurance firms, etc. use customer churn analysis and customer churn rate as one of their key business metrics, because retaining an existing customer is far less than acquiring a new one. Corporates have dedicated departments which attempt to win back defecting clients, because recovered long term customers can be worth much more to a company than newly recruited clients. Customer Churn can be categorized into voluntary churn and involuntary churn. In voluntary churn, customer decides to switch to another service provider, whereas in involuntary churn, the customer leaves the service due to relocation, death, etc. Businesses usually exclude involuntary churn from churn prediction models, and focus on voluntary churn, because it usually occurs due to company-customer relationship, on which the company has full control. Churn is usually measured as gross churn and net churn. Gross churn is calculated as loss of previous customers and their associated recurring revenue, generated by those customers. Net churn is measured as sum of Gross Churn and addition of new similar customers. This is often measure as Recurring Monthly Revenue (RMR) in the Financial Systems. INTRODUCTION Predicting and preventing customer churn is becoming the primary focus of many enterprises. Every enterprise wants to retain its each and every customer, in order to maximize maximum profits and revenue from them. With the introduction of business and management systems, and automation of operation flow, corporates have gathered lots of customer and business related data during the daily operating activities, which give data mining techniques a good ground for working and predicting. Lots of data mining algorithms and models have emerged to rescue from this issue of customer loss. These algorithms have been widely used, from past decades, in this field. For prediction of customer churn, many algorithms and models have been applied. Most common of them are Decision tree [1], Artificial Neural Network [2], Logistic Regression [8]. In addition, other algorithms such as Bayesian Network [4], Support Vector Machine [], Rough set [5], and Survival Analysis [6] have also been used. In addition of algorithms and models, other techniques, such as input variable selection, feature selection, outlier detection, etc. have also been applied to get better results out of the above algorithms. First three models i.e. Decision tree, Artificial Neural Network and Logistic Regression have been applied maturely at multiple corporates. Each algorithm has been improved over multiple iterations, and are now pretty much stable. But as the operation and activities of business are growing, it is becoming more and more complex challenge to solve the problem of customer churn, and this is requesting for the generation of new churn prediction models, which are fast and robust, and which can quickly be trained and scored on large amounts of data. Literature review Jiayin and Yuanquan [1] presented a step by step approach on selecting effective input variables for customer churn prediction model in telecommunication industry. In telecommunication industry, there are usually very large number of input variables is available for churn prediction models. Of all these variables, there could be variables which have positive effect on the model, and few which are redundant. These redundant variables cause overload for the churn prediction model. So it is always better to select only important features and remove redundant, noisy and less informative variables. In their study, they have proposed Area under ROC (AUC) method for calculating classifying abilities of the variable, where ROC is Receiver Operating Characteristics, and then selecting variables which have the highest classifying abilities. In addition, he also proposed to compute mutual information among all selected variables and finally selecting variables which have relatively low mutual i nformation co-efficient. Huang and Kechadi [11] proposed a new technique for Feature Selection for the churn prediction models. As their primary focus was telecommunication industry, and in telecom the amount of input variables / feature is very large, and it is always better to select a subset of features, which have the most ability to classify the target classes. Otherwise running algorithm on all the input variables will be too much to time and resource consuming. Most commonly used techniques for selection of features only judges whether an input feature is helpful to classify the classes or not. The approach proposed by them takes into account the relationship between the specified categorical value of the feature and a class for selecting or removing the feature. Luo, Shoa and Lie [2] proposed the customer churn prediction using Decision Tree for Personal Handyphone System Service (PHSS), where the number of variables in input data set is very small. Decision Tree is probably the most commonly used data mining algorithm. Decision Tree model is a predictive model that predicts using a classification process. It is represented as upside down Tree, in which root is at the top and leaves are at the bottom. Decision Trees is the representation of rules. This helps us in understanding, why a record has been classified in a particular way. And these rules can be used to find records that fall into some specific category. In their work they found out the optimal values of input dataset with reference to time sub-period, cost of misclassification and sampling method. With their research, they came up to conclusion that 10-days of sub-period, 1:5 cost of misclassification and random sampling method are the most optimal parameters when training a data m odel using decision trees, when the number of input variables is very small. Ming, Huili and Yuwei [4] proposed a model for churn prediction using Bayesian Network. The concept of Bayesian Network was initially proposed by Judea Pearl (1986). This is a kind of graphics mode used to show the joint probability among different variables. It provides a natural way to describe the causality information which could be used in discovering the potential relations in data. This algorithm has been successively used in knowledge representation of expert system, data mining and machine learning. Recently, it has also been applied in fields of artificial intelligence, including causal reasoning, uncertain knowledge representation, pattern recognition cluster analysis and etc. A Bayesian network consists of many nodes representing attributes connected by some lines, so the problems are concerned that more than one attribute determine another one which involving the theory of multiple probability distribution. Besides, since different Bayesian networks have different structures and some conceptions in graph theory such as tree, graph and directed acyclic graph can describe these structures clearly, graph theory is an important theoretical foundation of Bayesian networks as well as the probability theory, thus the results of Customer Churn using Bayesian network are very promising. Jiayin, Yangming, Yingying and Shuang [10] proposed a new algorithm for churn prediction and called it TreeLogit. This algorithm is combination of ADTree and Logistic Regression models. It incorporates the advantages of both algorithms and making it equally good as TreeNet ® Model which won the best prize in 2003 customer churn prediction contest. As Treelogit combines the advantages of both base algorithms so it becomes very powerful tool for customer churn prediction. The Modeling process of TreeLogit starts by Designing Customers character variables based on prior knowledge. Then the character variables are categorized into m sub-vectors, and a decision tree for each sub-vector is created. Once we have the decision tree for each sub-vector, then we develop logistic regression models for each sub-vector. And finally we evaluate the accuracy and interpretability of the model. If they are acceptable then the customer retention process is started, otherwise the model is re-tuned for better results. Jing and Xinghua [5] in their work on customer churn prediction, presented a model based on Support Vector Machines. Support Vector Machines are developed on the basis of statistical learning theory which is regarded as the best theory for the small sample estimation and predictive learning. The studies on the machine learning of finite sample were started by Vapnik in sixties of last century and a relatively complete theoretical system called statistical learning theory was set up in nineties. After that, Support Vector Machines, a new learning machine was proposed. SVM is built on the structural risk minimization principle that is to minimize the real error probability and is mainly used to solve the pattern recognition problems. Because of SVMs complete theoretical framework and the good effects in practical application, it has been widely valued in machine learning field. Rough set Xu E, Liangeshan Shao, XXuedong Gao and Zhai Baofeng introduced Rough set algorithm for customer churn prediction [2]. Dengh Hu also studied the applications of rough set for customer churn prediction[5]. According to them, Rough set is a data analysis theory proposed by Z. Pawlak. Its main idea is to export the decision or classification rules by knowledge reduction at the premise of keeping the classification ability unchanged. This theory has some unique views such as knowledge granularity which make Rough set theory especially suitable for data analysis. Rough set is built on the basis of classification mechanism and the spaces partition made by equivalence relation is regarded as knowledge. Generally speaking, it describes the imprecise or uncertain knowledge using the knowledge that has been proved. In this theory, knowledge is regarded as a kind of classification ability on data and the objects in the universe are usually described by decision table that is a two-dimensional t able whose row represents an object and column an attribute. The attribute consists of decision attribute and condition attribute. The objects in the universe can be distributed into decision classes with different decision attributes according to the condition attributes of them. One of the core contents in the rough set theory is reduction that is a process in which some unimportant or irrelevant knowledge are deleted at the premise of keeping the classification ability unchanged. A decision table may have several reductions whose intersection was defined as the core of the decision table. The attribute of the core is important due to the effect to classification. Survival Analysis Survival analysis is a kind of Statistical Analysis method to analyze and deduce the life expectancy of the creatures or products according to the data comes from surveys or experiments. It always combines the consequences of some events and the corresponding time span to analyze some problems. It was initially used in medical science to study the medicines influence to the life expectancy of the research objects. The survival time should be acknowledged widely, that is, the duration of some condition in nature, society or technical process. In this paper, the churn of a customer is regarded as the end of the customers survival time. In the fifties of last century, the statisticians began to study the reliability of industrial products, which advanced the development of the survival analysis in theory and application. The proportional hazard regression model is a commonly used survival analysis technique which was first proposed by Cox in 1972. CRITICAL REVIEW Jiayin and Yuanquan [1] proposed a very simple method for the variable selection. The method proposed is very effective and practical, But there are more systematic methods available, which use advance neural network, induction algorithms and rough set. Huangs and Kechadis [11] concept for taking into account the categorical values into account when feature selection is being performed, is good. But their concept is limited to categorical values and continues values cant be applied on their approach. Continues values need to be discretized into categorical values, before their feature selection concept could be applied, but this conversion from continues to discrete may result in loss of information. Luo, Shoa and Lie [2] selected Decision Tree as their choice of data mining algorithm for churn prediction, which is the simplest and understandable algorithm for classification. Its simplicity also makes it the most widely used algorithm. But decision tree has its own limitations, they are very unstable and a very little change in the input variables, such as addition of newer ones, require rebuilding and re-training of complete decision tree. In addition, they should have also focused on how to enrich the input variables, by adding new derived variables that could enhance the efficiency of the model. Ming, Huili and Yuwei [4] Bayesian network model has advantages and some short comings. It has the ability to product best results even when the input datasets are incomplete. In addition, it has the ability to take connections into account when predicting churn and to take prior knowledge into consideration. This algorithm also has the ability to effectively prevent over fitting. But if the dataset is large, the structure learning of the Bayesian networks will be too difficult. Thus this model is not fit for telecom, where the dataset is always very large. Jiayin, Yangming, Yingying and Shuang [10] TreeLogit combines the advantages of both algorithms i.e. ADTree and logistic regression, thus it is both data-driven and assumption-driven and it has the capability of analyzing objects with incomplete information. Moreover, its efficiency is not affected by the bad quality data and it generates continues output with relatively low complexity. Jing and Xinghua [5] used Support Vector Machine algorithm for Churn Prediction. This algorithm is best if you have a limited number of sample records, but on the other hand its theory is very complex and there are many variations in it. So it is difficult to find the version which best suites your problem. Conclusion There are multiple solutions available for customer churn prediction. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. So a single solution might not be best for any organization. The organization may have to use the combination of algorithms and techniques to get the best results for churn prediction.

Development and Aging Essay -- essays research papers

Below, I will describe many factors that are related to development and aging. First, I will talk about how getting older is not a time to sit out, and think life is over. Second, I will define primary and secondary aging. Third, I will talk about how a good healthy diet can help with many diseases in relation to development and old age. Lastly, I will talk about how technology will help many individuals to live a long and health life. Many times when people think of getting older and the aging process they tend to think of turning gray and sitting in a rocking chair watching their life pass them by. This stereotype is slowly being changed thanks to the developments that are being found in research showing that by staying physically and mentally active can help delay some of the onsets of the aging process and help up to live more fulfilled and healthy lives. We all know that aging is inevitable and a natural aspect of life, defined as the gradual loss of the body's ability to respond the environment. Although there are no ways of preventing the aging process from occurring, or finding the so-called "fountain of youth", there are ways to slow down the process and prevent someone from becoming old. As stated in this chapter, despite good health and the absence of disease, primary aging refers to the normal and intrinsic process of biological aging that are generally programmed and that takes place with the passage of time (Lemme 346). As many already know, and as s...

How Media Affects Society Essay

How The Media Affects Society The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people through various forms such as the radio, newspapers, televisions etc. The question remains: what information is left unbiased and untarnished? The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits of media is taken as the whole truth. The ways in which media impacts society to a great extent are through the facts it chooses to reveal, as recently seen in the case of the Tamil war in Sri Lanka. The tone in which it is presented such as the recently reported cases of Tamil protest on the streets of downtown Toronto and finally in the manner it chooses to target certain audiences, such as the case of Victoria George-Pazzano in Mexico. The media affects society through the facts it chooses to reveal. The media can choose to mention certain things and not to mention certain things. As seen in the recent Tamil war in Sri Lanka all mainstream media outlets were banned from broadcasting out of the country. The media then proceeded not to broadcast any of it, leaving people unaware of it on a global scale, until the Tamils outside of Sri Lanka began to protest and make other countries aware of the situation. The media chose not to reveal this information and if it was not for the protest and marches held around the world it is possible, that society could have never known that genocide was being used against the Tamil Tigers. Society needs the media to be informed on the events happening around the world, but sometimes the media may not choose to show us what is exactly going on. This can result in society not knowing how to react to what is happening in other parts of the world. Just as important as the facts the media chooses to reveal, the tone and manner in which the media presents these facts plays a large role on society’s take on events. The tone in which the media presents the facts in can be hostile, neutral or in favour. The tone can affect society’s view on the situation, resulting in either a positive or negative reaction. As seen on May 10th when thousands of Tamils met on Toronto’s Gardiner Expressway, for almost 4 hours shutting down a key artery in the city’s road network. If the media had said, â€Å"The Tamil protesters are keeping Torontonians hostage in their own city† vs â€Å"The Tamil protesters are bravely doing what needs to be done to save their families†. This could have resulted in Toronto turning against the Tamil community and possibly resulting in hate crimes, but instead the tone of the media was in favour of the protesters. Which has resulted in a positive reaction from Toronto and the Canadian government. The tone in which the facts are presented by the media, can easily change the point of view of the consumer, and can have either a positive or negative reaction regardless of the truth behind the facts. Lastly, the media uses its voice to target certain audiences for certain reactions. Who can the media target? In the case of Victoria George-Pazzano, a 29 year old woman who suffered a severe asthma attack while on vacation in Mexico became critically ill. Victoria’s family pleaded to the Canadian government and Ontario hospitals to bring her home,but were continuously told that there were no beds and doctors available to treat in all of Ontario. The family of Victoria then pleaded there case to the media, who in return targeted the government officials and found out that either the hospitals or the officials were lying to Victoria’s family because there were more than 20 beds available at the time. Because the media targeted the government with the right tone and direction of attention, the heat was put on the government for action because all of the attention was affecting there reputation. Without the media Attention, Victoria George-Pazzano would have died in a hospital bed in Cancun Mexico because the government of Canada pushed her aside. With these three weapons at the media’s disposal, namely the facts it chooses to reveal, the perspective it chooses to take and the people it wishes to target. The media holds a great deal of power and influence over society. Of course, it may be for a positive effect or a negative one. Would one rather live in fear of all the rapes, assaults, robberies and murders that are reported or live happy, not knowing about every crime that takes place? That is another debate altogether. But, one thing is for certain: the people should not live blindly at the word and mercy of the media or another. There should always be room for doubt, speculation and of course one’s own opinions. Although the media may carry a great influence over society, each person is entitled to think for oneself.

Common Peasants of the Middle essays

Common Peasants of the Middle essays The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a rough and tedious life, many peasants were separated from their family among them included: sons, daughters, and wives as well as many peasants suffered from severe illnesses from disease they could not treat because they did not have the money nor the status to afford or see a doctor. Throughout the Middle Ages the peasants lived a rough life. Just the term "peasants" had the status of meaning to be under all the other classes; These were the lowest class of people someone could be. The peasants always worked for the higher class like the King and Queen. That was not the worst part of being a peasant. They rarely were around their family because usually the family is split up into different parts. You can't hardly have a women working the fields or the children hunting for the meat; that would bring down the production and efficiency. The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a very tedious life. Many peasants suffered diseases and none had the money or the status to afford or see a doctor. They had little or no reason to live since they were always working for the higher The peasants had no real power nor authority in any matter. During times of war they could be called upon to do battle and if they refused, they would be killed. The peasants were forced to live in small crude huts and they had rough straw mats to sleep on. Their daily consumed dietary supplement included black bread, eggs, poultry, and vegetables; though the meat was rarely eaten since they did not have the money to buy it. They could not live off of the land and hunt the animals because it was illegal; hunting on the Lords land was a very strict rule and no peasant could impose on the Lord's game. The Lords were the overseers of the peasants and ...

Countdown to Preschool

Countdown to Preschool Free Online Research Papers Before their first son, Sambhav turned two, our friend Anand his wife Shilpa started shopping for preschools. They asked around, looked and explored every option. The school they settled on seemed like dream. The building was fantastic, class small, teachers were warm and experienced. Moreover, the playground and activities looked like so much fun, Anand wanted to go there himself! Unfortunately, Sambhav did not. We all were surprised and astonished that a child like Sambhav, who was so playful, cheerful always, started all tantrums the day he was introduced to preschool. His mother came to me, tears in her eyes saying, â€Å"Amar, he is too young for all this†. She always felt guilty, anxious, was sad that he cries. Even I had seen tears in Anand’s eyes, guilt in his expressions whenever he picked Sambhav from Preschool. Will he hate me for putting him away? Are the teachers experienced to handle HIM? I know him; he will vomit out if he cries too much. Would he be comfortable there? I am unable to see his face ready to cry. I am not doing good to him. So many questions only one reply from the teachers. He will be comfortable, Give him some time to adjust. Really, it was a very hard time for Anand Shilpa as it took almost one month before Sambhav really settled in the preschool. What went wrong? What could they have done to avoid such a traumatic extreme emotional time for them? I was getting ready for my own son Ketan. We tend to learn a lot from our others experiences. The other one is always a better choice, specifically with parenting. I read a lot about preschools, getting ready for preschools, many books on preschool. Barbara willer, PhD, dy. Executive director of National Association for the education of young children in Washington D.C says, â€Å"For many children, going to preschool is their first big experience being away from home parents†. She explains even those kids who are very receptive and smiling have to adjust to a new place, new leader, new friends, new rules and a fear of Unknown. As the days for Ketan to go to preschool came nearer, I was getting myself ready for all tantrums. All those experiences of my friends helped me to prepare him for preschool. He went readily to play, enjoy, learn new things happily. Over a period, I understood the importance of Preschool. Perhaps understood the need ways of getting the child really feel good to go to preschool. Until a few year back, we used to say, â€Å" We mould his future†, but since our children started going in preschools now schools we say, â€Å"We help him mould his future.† However, we all would like you to say, â€Å"We help them mold their future†. You as a parent of a toddler too must be worried about his preschool days. You may worry about him missing you, staying safe, making friends, having fun, and getting along with the teachers. There is a lot you can do to make sure day one for preschool goes off without a hitch. Let us call it the COUNTDOWN FOR PRESCHOOL. The trick is to start preparing your child with a bit – bit of information giving him sufficient time for processing this information. We have observed a two-week preparation before the D-Day for preschool is sufficient. Let us know what we did -Two weeks before Talk about it. A brief but positive introduction is all that is usually necessary. Our communication will help them to get prepared for preschool. Do not give examples of kids who have been crying throwing tantrums. Brief him that he is growing up is getting old enough to go to the preschool. Let him remember the good time he had sometimes enjoyed with friends relatives. â€Å"You’ll get to play with other kids. You will have snacks teacher will read storybooks for you. You’ll enjoy†. Do not tell him how you or for that matter any one you know have been throwing tantrums for not going to preschool. Go for a preschool tour. Point out the preschool casually whenever you pass by or drive the way. Take the privilege of the visiting hours, most of the preschools offer just before the new school year begins. Children tend to have the fear of unknown as do most of the adults so by having a tour you can relieve a great deal of anxiety- both yours your child’s. The visiting hours allow one or more kids to come play at the preschool. We do provide a tour for per-school at our pre-school. They have friends when they come in on the first day. You may even bring camera take photos of all. -One week before Count the days. Your child does not understand what you mean by two days or two weeks. So explain him that when papa goes to office after Sunday holiday he would go to preschool. Starts marking a tick on the calendar till the D-Day. Adjust sleep schedules. If your child tends to stay awake late at night or wake up late in the morning, you should start adjusting his sleep times, so he will not be exhausted on the first few days of the preschool. Start making your child sleep 15 minutes early wake him up 15 minutes early. Start new routines. Another option with the children whose parents feel that they will have a Hard transition time is to find out the preschool snack time, lunch naps time. Therefore, you can mirror the school day at home. â€Å"Let us have our snack at 10:30 today, just as they do it in you new preschool† Or â€Å"its 12:00 and time to rest a while because it will be the rest time in your preschool. Learning the routine is important because children will always feel more secure comfortable when they know prior exactly what to expect. Serve the lunch in the similar Tiffin box she will be using at preschool. It will be easier for her to open up eat the sandwiches you gave. Specially talk about using potty. If your child is not trained yet, discuss what she will do if she gets wet. Buy something special with them. With our second child Tanvi we made it a point to go to the preschool see the dress, bag they prefer, water bottle convient for her. We purchased the items they informed to bring, way before the school opened the rush started last hour. We took both Ketan Tanvi along with us. Purchased the things required along with them a song note â€Å"School Chale Hum†. She was so excited about using her new backpack wearing her new shoes that she could not wait for the preschool to begin. The day before Take it easy. Keep the day before preschool as calm and relaxing as possible for you your child. Do not plan things too exciting or do not go for outing a day before, to tire your child out. Start with simple questions, â€Å" I think we’re al ready for preschool tomorrow. Can you think of anything we have forgotten?† Address her concern. If you child asks a question, please take it seriously. Avoid comments like, â€Å"Don’t be silly!† and â€Å"that’s ridiculous† Don’t make try to make him too relaxed by saying, â€Å"don’t worry, everything would be fine.† Surely its fine for you, not for him. Tell him the truth, saying â€Å"it can be hard for you to make friends immediately. But tomorrow you’ll meet lots of kids, and if you find one like you, we’ll call him to play with us at home.† Make a plan. Before your child goes to bed that day, be sure you take out the things he is going to wear, take along at preschool. Make some decisions together. What will she wear tomorrow? What she will eat at breakfast tomorrow? Who is going to drop pick her up? It is a good idea to lay all the things on the bed so that she sees can feel al that she has to wear take. Moreover, you too do not loose control over the situation by searching things on time. While packing, her things be sure you give her a group photograph of the family or a toy she loves most, to be taken to preschool. Let the child have something in her â€Å"psychological pocket† Before going to bed please say the last tip, â€Å" tomorrow you will wake up at 7:30. I will make you parathas or the thing you wish to have for breakfast. You will brush your teeth. You will put on new lovely clothes. You will take the lunch box. We will get on our Honda. And I will take you to preschool. Let her know what you will be doing when she is at preschool. â€Å"While you’re doing your work at preschool, Papa will be doing his work at office.† The D-Day a Big day Do not rush. Do not let your excitement percolate in the child. Be calm relaxed as possible. The best way is to keep your emotions as normal as possible. Do not shout at him if he drops milk cup, dribbles sauce on the dress, you should have a fallback plan ready. Dear friends, with children this young, its really important to do whatever you can to make this transition to preschool feel safe positive. With out a successful separation, its difficult to built Childs independence readiness to learn. On the way to preschool, surely a happy, gay rhythmic song helps the child to reduce her tension. I remember we always sang, â€Å"School chale hum, ho ho ho ho ho ho ho -.† Start a ritual of praying in a temple or just saying â€Å"Jai bajrangbali† on the way to preschool. It will help the transition from home to school. Stick around. Do not worry even if you do all the above and your child tries to cling to you. Not ready to get down and go in the preschool. Do not force him. Instead, let him play around. Be there for some time. Stick around. Be there. If necessary, ask for help. Teachers there have seen many kids from smile to frown and many tantrums. They have been trained to be calm patient. In fact, do not be disappointed by his crying. All kids are different and all take their own time to adjust. We need to communicate the right thing. Do not sneak out. If your child is happily engaged, you tempt to give a slip sneak away. Do not violate his trust. You must not leave him without saying goodbye. Instead go over and give a hug a kiss to say goodbye, tell her when you will, be back. Example: â€Å" After you have your snacks, a little nap, and teacher reads you a story, I will be waiting for you.† After you leave, do not worry. In fact, if you check with the teacher later on, you will probably discover that the tears disappeared as you go. Good teachers are always alert to make sure children say good-bye. Do not be late. Keep your word. Children need to feel confident from the beginning that they can count on you to come back, and to come when you said you would. Also, do not get too excited how your child will greet you. While some children will rush to their parents, some tend to avoid them. Their negative reactions do not necessarily mean they had a bad day. Ketan always used to talk, shout but now Tanvi just comes and hugs. Ok they have their own ways to say hello. All children have different tolerance levels, and many are physically and emotionally exhausted after a day at preschool. Therefore, they need a chance to blow off steam and cool down. Begin a ritual. We used to drink juice on the way back to home for one month. Spending 300 Rupees for a happy start to learning process is nothing. You can stop at a garden on the way. Move along the footpath, see a beautiful building, show your own school and do many things while driving back home. Helping your child end his preschool day on a calm, relaxing note will make it much easier for him to separate again. Believe me, CHILDHOOD IS NOT PREPARATION FOR LIFE, CHILDHOOD IS LIFE Lets help them live it better. 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Fianl report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fianl report - Essay Example His deep insight into the need for electrical products for the people of his era motivated him to set up business for his electrical products. By 1876, Edison remained busy in the research activities of electrical products and established a laboratory for it. This laboratory was founded in New Jersey, USA. In order to make the world realize the importance of his products, he formed a business company named as Edison General Electric Company. Under this name, he united all his inventions and started marketing them. During the same period, a competitor organization named as Thomson Houston Company emerged. With the passage of time, both the competitors realized that it is almost impossible to survive as competitors because the products from both companies were increasingly becoming supplementary for each other. After successful negotiations, they merged together and one organization emerged who was named as General Electric Company. GE has vast product line and it is interesting to mention here that many of these products were part of the business even when the business started. It is regarded as an achievement of Thomas Edison that his inventions were present in many fields related to medical health care, transportation, consumer electronics, industrial equipments and power transmission etc. GE has established its GE brands with its rich product line and all the sub organizations are headed by dedicated CEO and Chairman. GE is a successful name when viewed from the perspective of business owners, customers and employees alike. Customers prefer buying GE products because of their guaranteed performance and reliability. The customer’s loyalty paves the way for profitability of GE and pays favorable returns against the investment of owners. GE is ranked among the top employers of the choice which attracts high talent at high compensation rate. The secret of GE’s success is its strategic management techniques.

Business perposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business perposal - Research Paper Example It provides catering services delivering various kinds of delicious food items to the plates of the customers. The business in this regard specializes in vegetarian food items and non-vegetarian food items as well. In addition, according to the request of the customer the company also renders its services in terms of continental food items at a competitive price in the market (Hirshleifer & Et. Al., 2005). Apart from catering services the company, also organizes event for its customers belonging to the commercial and the general market as well. In this case, the company manages the event location, the decorative measures, and both the fooding and lodging services if demanded. In addition, the company also renders transport services to its customers while organizing such event. Moreover, the company specializes in organizing small or big events in various occasions, but excels in organizing business conferences. The company renders its services in various price ranges considering the comfortability of the customers and the competitive environment in which the business firm operates. Consequently, the prices are based on certain variables, such as the total number of guests, the food items selected to be served on the occasion, the venue of the event, and the time duration of the event that can range from a half day to even two days. Based on all these variables, the average pricing structure of the company ranges from a minimum of $25 per person and a maximum of $140 per person for general customers. However, for the commercial customers the pricing structure ranges from $30 per person to $220 per person (Hamster Internet, Inc., 2011). Notably, the pricing structure mentioned above does not include extra charges of tip, i.e. inclining the customers’ to their discretion. The additional charges also take account of taxation adhering to the legal rules and regulations prescribed by the regulatory bodies. The services in this regard not only accounts the